Mongolia is a vast, landlocked nation in East and Central Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. Despite its relatively small population, it is one of the largest countries in the world by area, defined by immense open landscapes and dramatic continental extremes. Geographically, Mongolia is dominated by steppe grasslands, … Read more
Taiwan is an island located off the southeastern coast of mainland China in the western Pacific Ocean. Though relatively small in area, Taiwan contains some of East Asia’s most dramatic and varied geography — steep mountains, deep gorges, fertile plains, and rugged coastlines shaped by powerful tectonic forces. The island sits along the boundary between … Read more
China is the world’s third-largest country by land area, stretching from the Pacific coastline in the east to high plateaus and deserts in the west. Its geography is vast and highly varied, encompassing some of Earth’s most dramatic landscapes — towering mountains, expansive river basins, arid deserts, fertile plains, and subtropical coastlines. Western China is … Read more
India occupies a vast portion of South Asia, stretching from the Himalayan highlands in the north to tropical coasts along the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Its geography is defined by dramatic contrasts — towering mountain ranges, fertile river plains, arid deserts, plateau interiors, and long peninsular shorelines. To the north rise the Himalayas, … Read more
Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelagic nation, stretching across more than 17,000 islands between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Positioned along the equator, it forms a vast maritime bridge between mainland Southeast Asia and Australia, as well as between the Asian and Australian tectonic plates. Geographically, Indonesia is defined by water. Major islands such as … Read more
Pakistan occupies a diverse geographic position in South Asia, bordered by Afghanistan, Iran, India, and China, with a southern coastline along the Arabian Sea. Its terrain encompasses towering mountains in the north, fertile plains along the Indus River, arid plateaus in the west, and coastal delta regions in the south. Northern Pakistan is dominated by … Read more
Iraq occupies a pivotal geographic position in Western Asia, bridging the Arabian Peninsula, the Anatolian highlands, and the Iranian Plateau. Its landscape is defined by the historic basin of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, which converge in southern Iraq before flowing into the Persian Gulf. Geography here is overwhelmingly fluvial in the center and south, … Read more
Iran occupies a vast portion of the Iranian Plateau in Western Asia, bordered by the Caspian Sea to the north and the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman to the south. Geography defines the country through dramatic contrasts between high mountain chains, arid deserts, fertile basins, and long maritime coastlines. The Alborz Mountains rise along … Read more
Afghanistan is a country defined by elevation. Mountain systems dominate its structure, dividing terrain into high plateaus, narrow valleys, and desert basins. Geography here is not background but framework. The Hindu Kush cuts diagonally across the nation, shaping climate, settlement, and movement. Rivers descend from glaciated peaks into arid plains, sustaining life in corridors carved … Read more
Azerbaijan lies at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia along the western shore of the Caspian Sea. Geography defines the country through contrasting landscapes of high mountains, semi-arid plains, inland basins, and maritime coastline. The Greater Caucasus Mountains rise across the north. Geography reinforces natural climatic separation between cooler alpine zones and warmer … Read more
